Prof-Mr.Lokhande H.R.
S.M.E.S.& Jr. College Navedar Adiware
Tal-Rajapur Dist-Ratnagiri.
4.1 History Of Novel
(From page no.173) The eighteenth century has gifted English literature two entirely संपूर्णपणे new forms which are without any traces मागोवा in the ancient classical heritage. रोमन वांग्मयाचा शास्त्रीय वारसा One of those was The Periodical नियतकालिक Essay' and the other was NOVEL'. Both of these forms, especially 'novel', caught the spirit हेतू/स्फूर्ती of the eighteenth century as the age of intellectual, sentimental भावनाप्रधान and realistic वास्तववादी plane सपाट and tried to instruct the readers, which would help them to a more purposeful हेतू असलेला and virtuous सदाचारी/सद्गुणी life. Since the time of its origin, novel has been gaining popularity and growing gradually. क्रमाक्रमाने/हळुवारपणे Today, it is recognized as the most dominant प्रबळ/सत्ता असलेला literary genre. प्रकार
A novel is a relatively तुलनात्मक दृष्टीने long narrative fiction कल्पित साहित्य which describes intimate जवळचा human experiences normally सामान्यपणे in prose form. The present English word 'novel' is derived from the Italian ‘novella', meaning 'new'. A novel narrates a story embellishing सुशोभित करणे it with more details of time, place, nature,people and their minds, their gestures हावभाव and activities. It creates the picture of the society of that time. Novel makes life easier to understand than in drama and poetry.In modern era कालखंड novel has adopted स्वीकारला literary prose. गद्य
The novel as a literary genre प्रकार has a history of about two thousand years. Among the early precursors पूर्वीचे of novel a collection of tales known as Greek Romances प्रणयकथा dating from प्राचीन गोष्ट शोधणे the second to sixth century may top the list. These imaginative and delightful मोहक/आनंददायक stories of ideal love and marvellous आश्चर्यकारक adventures साहसी/प्रवासातील profoundly गंभीरपणे affected the creative निर्मितीक्षम writing for the next thousand years. Though novel in the modern era कालखंड usually नेहमी makes use of a literary prose the earlier threads of the genre प्रकार can be found in Virgil's Ecologues or Malory's 'Morte De Arthur' or Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales'.
Murasaki Shikibu's 'Tale of Genji' (1010) has been described as the world's first novel. The European novel is often said to begin with 'Don Quixote' by Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes which was published in two parts between 1605 and 1615. In the 18th century, the appearance दर्शन of newspaper and magazines attracted a large number of readers from the middle class. These new readers had little interest in romances अतिरंजित वर्णन and tragedies, शोकांतिका which were appreciated कौतुक केले by the upper class. Thus, need for a new type of literature arose उदयास आले that would express the new ideas of the 18th century. The 18th century new literature was characterized दर्शवले by the spirit of realism वास्तववाद and denial नाकबूल करणे of romantic features like enthusiasm, उत्साह passion अतिशय आवड and imagination. The foreground पार्श्वभूमी/अग्रभूमी for the novel was prepared by all these factors. घटक After 1740, novel originated as the literary form in England. Increase in trade व्यापार and commerce, दळणवळण/वाणिज्य along with the Industrial Revolution, had given rise to एखाद्यास कारणीभूत झाली the middle class. A class of people had emerged to occupy an elite उत्तम लोकांचा गट status. The realistic picture of everyday life and problems of common people depicted चित्रीत केले in the novels appealed आवाहन केले to the newly educated class and was regarded by them as respectable आदरणीय reading material.(From page no.174) Thus, novel as a form appears दिसेल to have been designed for both to voice the aspirations आकांक्षा of the middle and lower classes and meet their longings. उत्कट इच्छा The spread of machines could provide a time to the educated middle class for reading and discussions about the books. Drama and poetry were the two literary forms that were fading away. लुप्त झाले was a combination of some features of them and some new features were added to the form. It was the prominent प्रमुख form in the eighteenth century and onwards पुढे जाणे to encompass घडवून आणणे the social, political and cultural happenings घडामोडी and scientific progress.
'The Pilgrim's Progress' by John Bunyan (1678) and 'Oroonoku' by Aphra Behn (1688) initiated ओळख करून दिली the plenteous पुष्कळ and colourful tradition of English novel and was followed by Daniel Defoe (Robinson Crusoe, Mall Flanders), and Jonathan Swift ("Gulliver's Travels - a famous satire) उपरोधिक काव्य/टीकात्मक काव्य Other major novelists of 18th century are Samuel Richardson, (*Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded' and 'Clarissa,' both epistolary पत्रांची/पत्रांद्वारे चालवलेली novels), Henry Fielding, Lawrence Sterne and Tobias Smollett. The tradition was enriched समृद्ध झाली by many other stalwart न डगमगणारे/मजबूत novelists such as Charles Dickens, Walter Scott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Horace Walpole,Thomas Hardy, Willkie Collins and H.G. Wells. The 20th century is marked by the modern topics and innovative नाविन्यपूर्ण styles and techniques and widened विस्तारले angles of the
views by the novelists like E.M. Forster,James Joyce, Joseph Conrad, Henry James, George Orwell, Graham Greene, D.H.Lawrence, William Golding and Anthony Burgess. They widened विस्तारले the circumference परिघ of the genre प्रकार by writing political, social, psychological and other modern issues समस्या in their novels. There are immigrant स्थलांतरित authors like Salman Rushdie (India), V.S. Naipaul (Trinidad), Kazuo Ishigura (Japan) and many others.
The contribution of women novelists to this great pageant थाटामाटाचा देखावा/सार्वजनिक करमणुकीचे कार्यक्रम cannot be neglected.The novel of manners शिष्टाचार 'Evelina' by Frances Bumey, Gothic novels by Ann Radcliffe, a novel based on Science of the age 'Frankenstein' by Mary Shelley are landmark महत्वाची novels. Jane Austen has been ruling राज्य करीत होते over the minds of the people through her novels. Bronte sisters Emily and Charlotte have created their own place by their incomparable works 'The Wuthering Heights' and 'Jane Eyre'. Mary Ann Evans alias उर्फ/उपनाव George Eliot wrote the novels reflecting psychological insight. अंतर्ज्ञान Virginia Woolf is the pioneer उद्गाता/संस्थापक of the Stream of Consciousness जाणीव/शुद्धी technique in English novel. Agatha Christie created her own place by writing many novels based on crime. गुन्हे Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple are the evergreen सदाहरित detectives गुप्तहेर created by her. Harper Lee, Margaret Atwood, Toni Morrison and Alice Walker have elevated उच्च/सुंदर the tradition further अधिक/पुढील to prosperity.
Indian Scenario :
"Rajmohan's Wife', by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya serialized क्रमबद्ध केले in 'The Indian Field' was the first novel in English written by an Indian. The period काळ after that is marked by few more novels written by the Indian writers. These novels bore त्रास दिला/कंटाळवाणी केले either nationalistic virtues राष्ट्रवादी गुण or social issues समस्या as their main framework. Mulkraj Anand, R.K. Narayan and Raja Rao were the major trio त्रिकूट who prevailed विजय मिळवला in the period after that. Novelists like Anita Desai, Nayantara Sahgal and Arun Joshi and Manohar Malgaonkar changed the current of Indian English novel through their works. Amitav Ghosh, Vikram Seth and Upamanyu Chatterjee ameliorated सुधारित केली the Indian novel in English by adding new features to it. Recent years have witnessed साक्षीदार/पाहिले होते the dazzling चकित करणारा by Indian novelists like Salman Rushsie, Arvind Adiga, Arundhati Roy,Kiran Desai and Kiran Nagarkar.(From page no.175) The tradition of Indian English novel has undergone अनुभवला a vital महत्त्वाचा change since its birth and it has undoubtedly निसंशयपणे very bright future.
Novella:
A Novella, the word originated मूळचा from the Italian word 'novelle', is a type of prose fiction कल्पित कथा/साहित्य which is shorter than a full length novel and longer than short stories. It is a well-stuctured yet short narrative, often satiric उपहासात्मक or realistic वास्तववादी in tone. It usually नेहमी focuses on one incident or issue with one or two main characters and takes place at a single tradition. Some of the famous novellas कादंबऱ्या English are -
* 'The Heart of Darkness' by Joseph Conrad.
* 'The Turn of the Screw' by Henry James.
* 'Billy Budd' by Hermann Melville.
* 'Death in Venice" by Thomas Mann.
* 'Seize The Day' by Saul Bellow.
* 'Pearl' by John Steinbeck.
Elements of Novel/ Novella
There are six elements essential of "Novel' or "Novella'. All these factors may be related to one another in the work by an author.
Theme : विषय Theme is the central idea in the novel which can be expressed in a nutshell. थोडक्यात It is a philosophical statement or a truth which the writer has put forth through the narration of the series मालिका of events in the story and characters acting in the particular setting.
Plot : कथानक Plot is essentially तत्वता/मुलत: the story or the course of events that make up the theme. It is created by the conflict संघर्ष either दोहोंपैकी एक internal (inside the mind of the character) or external (with other characters or entities अस्तित्व). Plot may be simple (one plot) or complex(consisting the interweaving अंतरंग of many subplots).
Character : पात्र Characterization व्यक्तिचित्रण is related to the plot as the course कालखंड of events take place because of the certain खात्रीचे/निश्चित behaviour of the characters.
Depiction चित्रण/वर्णन of character can range from a thumbnail sketch to deep, wordy, शब्दश: highly detailed verbal sketch. The important character may have been described in its every aspect पैलू/बाजू the writer. The minor अल्पवयीन/अज्ञान characters are not given much importance. The reader follows the actions of one main character throughout the novel. This character is referred संदर्भित to as the protagonist'. प्रमुख पात्र Protagonist (main character) is in conflict संघर्ष with a character or an entity अस्तित्व or a force (internal or external) which is known as antagonist. विरोधक/शत्रु
Setting : नेपथ्य Setting is the background in which the story takes place.
There are several aspects पैलू/बाजू of the setting. नेपथ्य It includes place, period, time, climate or weather and lifestyle. Plot and character are the two major elements that are affected due to setting.
Conflict : संघर्ष The struggle between the opposite forces in the story is called 'conflict.' संघर्ष Conflict in the story provides interest and curiosity about the plot.
Language / Style : The language and the techniques used by the author for the narration of the course कालखंड of events is known as the 'style'. शैली/लेखणी
An author can use extensive विस्तृत/विशाल vocabulary and high phrases or he may be laconic मितभाषी and would write only to the point or he may mix both according to the requirement for meeting his purpose. He may use linguistic devices to make the narrative effective. All these factors decide the 'texture' घडण/क्रांती of the narration and create an impact on the readers.
Types of Novel
Realistic वास्तववादी novel : The realistic वास्तववादी novel is a fiction कल्पित साहित्य that gives the effect of realism. वास्तववाद Sometimes this is also called a novel of manner. शिष्टाचार It can be characterized व्यक्तिचित्रण केले by its complex गुंतागुंतीचे characters with mixed motives हेतू that are rooted पक्का रोवलेला in the social class. The characters in the realistic novel interact परस्परांशी संवाद साधने with other characters and undergo अनुभवणे plausible वाजवी and everyday experiences.
Picuresque नकली novel :The word 'picaresque'नकली is originated मूळचा from the Spanish word 'picaro,' which means a rogue. नकली A picaresque novel narrates the adventures of the protagonist, प्रमुख पात्र who is an eccentric विलक्षण/विक्षिप्त or a disreputable असभ्य/निर्भय person, in an episodic प्रासंगिक form.
Historical novel : A historical novel is a novel sct in a period earlier than that of the writing.
Epistolary novel : पत्रद्वारे चालवलेली कादंबरी The word 'epistolary' पत्रांद्वारे चालवलेली derives from the Latin word 'epistola', which means a letter. The epistolary novel is that in which the writer presents the narrative through a series मालिका of correspondence पत्रव्यवहार/पत्रे or other documents. Although letters are the most common basis for epistolary पत्रद्वारे चालवलेली, diary entries रोजनिशी नोंदी are also a popular form of this type.
Gothic novel : ग्रीक शिल्पकलेविषयी कादंबरी The novels that include terror, mystery, गूढ horror, thriller, रोमांचक supernatural, अलौकिक/देवाचे किंवा सैतानाचे दूत doom, सत्यानाश/मृत्यू death or decay or haunted झपाटलेली buildings are called The Gothic novels.
Autobiographical novel : The autobiographical novel is the novel based on the life of the author. However, the author changes the places and names of characters or even may change or avoid certain details of his life. It may or may not be in the first person narration.
Allegorical novel : रुपकात्मक कादंबरी An allegory रूपकात्मक is a story that bears धारण करणे more than one level of meaning. The surface meaning of such novel is different from the symbolic प्रतीकात्मक meaning of it. The symbole meaning of an allegory रूपकात्मक may be political, religious historical or philosophical.
Utopian आदर्शवादी/Dystopian novel: Utopia आदर्श परिस्थिती is an imaginary community of Society possessing धारण करणे the ideal qualities. It is a common literary theme, especially in science fiction कल्पित साहित्य or speculative तात्विक/धोक्याचे fiction.
Psychological novel : Psychological novel is the work of fiction कल्पित साहित्य that treats हाताळते the internal life of the protagonist प्रमुख पात्र or even the other characters as much as the external factors.
Stream of Consciousness novel:Stream of consciousness जाणीव/शुद्धी is a phrase coined नवीन शब्द तयार केला by William James in his treatise प्रबंध 'Principles of Psychology.' (1890). It means the flow प्रवाह of the thoughts. Incidents in the plot are in the sequence of their occurrences. घटना The novelist narrates them as they enter the mind of the character.
Bildungsroman novel : गतवर्ष किंवा स्फूर्तीदायक शिक्षणासंबंधी कादंबरी The German word 'bildungsroman'गतवर्ष किंवा स्फूर्तीदायक शिक्षणाविषयी indicates growth. The fictional biography काल्पनिक जीवनचरित्र or autobiography is concerned संबंधित with the growth of the protagonist's प्रमुख पात्राचे mind, spirit and characters from their childhood to adulthood. वृद्धत्व
In the first half of the 20th century a cult पंथ of 'pulp कागदाचा लगदा magazines' became popular in which fantastic fiction विलक्षण कल्पित साहित्य for the general entertainment of the masses was printed on the cheap pulp लगदा paper. The pulp fiction era provided a building ground for the detective गुप्तहेर novels and science fiction
Science fiction is a genre प्रकार of speculative तात्विक/धोक्याचे fiction dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic setting, भविष्यातील नेपथ्य futuristic भविष्यातील science and technology, space अंतराळ travel ,time travel, parallel universes and extraterrestrial अलौकिक life Science fiction often explores शोधणे the potential संभवनीय consequences परिणाम of scientific and other innovations.'Frankenstein' by Mary Shelly (1823) is considered विचारपूर्वक बनवले the first novel based on science and technology. (From page no.177) The genre प्रकार florished पसरला/वाढला in the second half of the 19th century.
Detective fiction गुप्तहेर कल्पित साहित्य is a subgenre उपप्रकार of crime fiction and mystery गूढ fiction in which an investigator तपासणीस or a detective गुप्तहेर -either professional or amateur हौशी -investigates तपास करणे a crime, often a murder.
Online Teaching Videos about lesson
Notes about the lesson
Shri.Mahakali English School & Jr.College , Navedar Adiware.
Q5a) History Of English Novel -----04 marks
Activities expected
1.MCQ 2. Match the columns 3.Complete the statements 4.True/false
5. Fill in the blanks 6. Pick out the odd element. 7. Select the correct alternative
* The two major/prominent/popular/dominant literary forms of 18th century -
The periodical essay and novel
* Novel -
* Definitions of Novel -
* "a long narrative fiction in prose"
* The word "Novel is derived from the Italian word 'Novella'-meaning 'new'
* The earlier threads of novel are found in Virgil's-Eclogues, Malory's-Morte De Arthur and
Geoffery Chaucer's-The Canterbury Tales
* World's first novel -Tale Of Genji (1010) by Murasaki Shikibu
European novel begins with 'Don Quixote' by Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes
REASONS FOR THE RISE OF NOVEL IN THE 18TH CENTURY -
1. Drama and poetry were fading away in the 18th century
2. Appearance of newspaper and magazines attracted readers from middle class
3. Middle class readers had little interest in romances and tragedies
4. Expression of new ideas of the 19th century
5. 18th century literature was characterized by the spirit of realism and denial of Romantic
features like enthusiasm, passion and imagination
* Novel originated as major literary form in England after 1740.
REASONS FOR THE RISE OF NOVEL IN ENGLAND -
1. Increase in trade and commerce 2. Industrial revolution 3. Rise of middle class. 4. realistic picture of everyday life and the problems of common people
5. Novel voiced/depicted the aspirations of the middle and lower class
6. The spread of machines provided time to educate middle class for reading and discussion about books.
Famous writers and their works/novels -
* John Bunyan--The Pilgrim's Progress
*Aphra Behn-Oroonoku
*Daniel Defoe - Robinson Crusoe, Mall Flanders *Jonathan Swift - Gulliver's Travels
*Samuel Richardson - Pamela OR Virtue Rewarded, Clarissa ( These are epistolary novels)
Some other English novelists -
Dickens, Walter Scott, Nathaniel Hawthorn, Horace Walpole, Thomas Hardy, Willkie Collins, H.G.Wells
*20th century English novelists-E.M. Forster, James Joyce, Joseph Conrad, Henry James, George Orwell, Graham GreCharlesene,D.H. Lawrence, William Golding, Anthony Burgess
*immigrant authors-Salman Rushdie(India), V.S. Naipaul(Trinidad), Kazuo Ishigura (Japan)
* Women novelists and their works/books/novels -
Frances Burney - Evelina (novel of manners)
Ann Radcliffe - she wrote Gothic novels
Mary Shelley - Frankenstein (the first novel based on science and technology /science fiction)
Bronte sisters = a)Emily Bronte - The Wuthering Heights b)Charlotte Bronte - Jane Eyre
Mary Ann alias George Eliot - she wrote novels reflecting psychological insight
Virginia Woolf - pioneer of the stream of consciousness technique
Agatha Christie - wrote crime novels (Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple are her famous
detectives/characters)
*Other women novelists - Jane Austen, Toni Morrison, Alice Walker, Harper Lee, Margaret Atwood
Indian Novelists -
* Rajmohan's Wife' by Bankimchandra Chattopadhyaya serialized in 'The Indian Field' was the first novel in English written by an Indian writer.
* Nationalistic virtues and social issues-- main framework of Indian English novels
* Some famous Indian novelists-Mulkraj Anand, R.K. Narayan, Raja rao, Anita Desai, Nayantara Sahgal, Arun Joshi, Manohar Malgaonkar, Amitav Ghosh, Vikram Seth, Upamanyu Chatterjee, Salman Rushdie, Arvind Adiga, Arundhati Roy, Kiran Desai, Kiran Nagarkar
Novella
* Definition - a type of prose shorter than a full length novel and longer than
* The word originated from the Italian word 'Novelle'
1. Characteristics/features of novella -
1)A short narrative, satiric and realistic in tone 2)Focus on one incident or issue
3) 1 or 2 main characters. 4) Takes place at a single tradition
* Examples of Novella -
Joseph Conrad - 'The Heart Of The Darkness'
Henry James - The Turn Of The Screw
Herman Melville - 'Billy Budd'
Thomas Man - Death In Venice
Saul Bellow - 'Seize The Day'
John Steinbeck - 'Pearl
Six Elements of novel/novella -
1. Theme - central idea expressed in a nutshell
* a philosophical statement or a truth put forth through the narration of events
2. Plot = a story or the course of events that make up the theme
* plot may be simple (single plot) or complex (main plot and sub plots) -
3. Character = related to plot and course of events take place because of certain behaviour of the characters
* Types -
a) major characters (Every aspect is described in detail)
b) minor characters are not given much importance)
* Protagonist - The main character
* Antagonist - Protagonist is in conflict with/struggles with opposed to the
Antagonist. Antagonist can be a character, an entity or a
force(internal or external)
4. Setting ---- It is a background in which story takes place
* Aspects of setting - place, period, time, climate or weather and lifestyle
* plot and characters are affected by setting
5 Conflict- ----The struggle between the opposite forces in the story
* provides interest and curiosity about plot
6. Language / Style ---
* style-Language and techniques used by the author for narration of the
course of events
Types of novel -
1. Realistic novel ---gives the effect of realism
* sometimes called a novel of manners
* gives realistic picture of society/social class
2. Picaresque novel - The word originated from Spanish word-'picaro' -
* -picaro means 'a rogue'
* --narrates adventures of an eccentric/disrepute protagonist
* -it is written in an episodic form
3. Historic novel -- a novel set in a period earlier than that of the writing of present novel
4. Epistolary novel - the word 'epistolary' is derived from the Latin word 'epistola'
* -epistola means 'a letter
5. Gothic novel -- a novel that includes terror,mystery,horror, thriller,supernatural, doom,death or decay or haunted buildings
6. Autobiographical novel - a novel based on the life of the author
* it may be or may not be in the first person narration
7. Allegorical novel - has more than one levels of meaning, surface meaning is different from symbolic meaning
* It can be political, religious, historical and philosophical
8. Utopian/Dystopian novel - its about 'Utopia' which means an imaginary ideal
community or society e.g. science and speculative fiction
9. Psychological novel -- treats the internal life of the protagonist
10. Stream of consciousness novel - the phrase 'Stream of consciousness novel was coined by William James in his treatise "Principles of Psychology' (1890) which means 'flow of thoughts',
* The novelist narrates the incidents as they enter the mind of the character
11. Bildungsroman novel - The German word 'bildungsroman' means 'growth
* it is about the growth of theprotagonist'smind, spirit and character from childhood to adulthood
* Pulp fiction -- a cult of 'pulp magazines' became popular in the 1st half of the 20th century
* -printed on cheap paper, entertained masses
* -provided ground for science fiction and detective novels
* Science fiction -- speculative fiction and deals with concepts like futuristic setting futuristic science and technology,space travet,time travet, parattel universe and extraterrestrial life and consequences of scientific and other innovations
* Detective fiction -a subgenre of crime fiction and mystery fiction in which a professional/an amateur detective investigates a crime/murder.